What is the difference between fork and clone in open-source?

In open-source development, forking and cloning are distinct actions with different purposes. Cloning creates a local copy of a repository, including its entire history and branches, allowing you to work on the code directly. Forking, on the other hand, creates a server-side copy of a repository under your account, enabling independent development and contribution workflows. While cloning is about local access, forking is about creating a separate project instance for collaboration or experimentation.

A clone is a one-time operation that copies a repository from a remote server (like GitHub) to your local machine. For example, running git clone https://github.com/user/project.git downloads the project’s code, commit history, and branches. This is essential for making local edits, testing changes, or contributing if you have write access. Cloning maintains a connection to the original repository (via the origin remote), letting you fetch updates with git pull. However, you can’t directly modify the original repository unless you have permission, which is where forking comes into play.

Forking creates a copy of a repository in your own account, such as on GitHub. For instance, clicking “Fork” on a project’s page creates a standalone version under your username. This lets you freely modify the code without affecting the original project. To contribute back, you’d clone your fork locally, make changes, push them to your fork, then open a pull request (PR) to propose merging your changes into the original repository. Forks are especially useful when you lack write access to the original project or want to experiment independently. For example, a developer might fork a library, add a new feature in their fork, and use it in their own projects while waiting for the original maintainers to review their PR.